AAMC FL Practice Exam

Which cognitive ability is developed in the formal operational stage?

1. Concrete logic and reasoning

2. Abstract reasoning skills

3. Language and symbolic thought

4. Object permanence

The correct answer is: Abstract reasoning skills

The formal operational stage, which typically occurs from around age 12 and onward, is characterized by the development of abstract reasoning skills. In this stage, individuals gain the ability to think logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations, enabling them to engage in deductive and inductive reasoning. This includes the capacity to understand and manipulate abstract ideas, such as algebraic variables or philosophical concepts, which transcend concrete experiences. Concrete logic and reasoning, while important, is more associated with the preceding stage, the concrete operational stage, where thinking is still largely tied to tangible objects and experiences. Language and symbolic thought also develop earlier in childhood, particularly during the preoperational stage, and while these capabilities expand during the formal operational stage, they are not uniquely developed during this phase. Object permanence is a cognitive milestone achieved in infancy, typically within the sensorimotor stage, indicating that it is unrelated to the cognitive abilities specific to the formal operational stage. Thus, the formal operational stage is specifically marked by the enhancement of abstract reasoning skills, allowing for advanced problem-solving and conceptual understanding.