AAMC FL Practice Exam

What effect do glucocorticoids have on blood sugar levels?

1. They lower blood sugar levels

2. They have no effect on blood sugar

3. They lower insulin sensitivity

4. They raise blood sugar levels

The correct answer is: They raise blood sugar levels

Glucocorticoids, which are a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands, primarily function to regulate metabolism and the immune response. When it comes to their effect on blood sugar levels, glucocorticoids cause an increase rather than a decrease. This increase in blood sugar levels occurs through several mechanisms. Firstly, glucocorticoids promote gluconeogenesis, the process where the liver converts non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol, into glucose. This helps raise blood glucose levels during times of stress or fasting. Additionally, glucocorticoids can lead to increased muscle protein breakdown, which releases amino acids into the bloodstream. These amino acids can also be used in gluconeogenesis, contributing further to elevated glucose levels. Furthermore, glucocorticoids can decrease insulin sensitivity, meaning that cells are less effective at taking up glucose in response to insulin. This may also contribute to higher blood sugar levels, as the glucose remains in the bloodstream rather than being taken up by cells. In summary, glucocorticoids are known to raise blood sugar levels through promoting gluconeogenesis, enhancing protein breakdown, and reducing the effectiveness of insulin. These effects collectively result in maintained or elevated blood glucose levels